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:: Volume 12, Issue 2 (Spring 2023) ::
aumj 2023, 12(2): 144-156 Back to browse issues page
Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Alcea rosea aerial parts against changes in biochemical factors and hepatic tissue induced by cadmium chloride in male rats
Mehrnosh Ghavami1 , Mehrdad Shariati1 , Mokhtar Mokhtari1 , Saeed Khatamsaz1 , Davood Moghadamnia * 2
1- Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
2- Department of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University Shiraz, Iran
Abstract:   (679 Views)
Background: Cadmium chloride causes liver dysfunction. In the present study, the protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Alcea rosea against changes in biochemical factors and hepatic tissue induced by cadmium chloride in male Males were investigated.

Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±10 g  were divided into 6 groups of 9. The control group, The sham group 1 received 0.2 ml distilled water as solvent. The sham group 2 received 2 mg/ kg of cadmium chloride intraperitoneally for 21 days. Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3: 2 mg / kg cadmium chloride intraperitoneally for 21 days and then 450 and 300,150 mg / kg hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts of Alcea rosea received intraperitoneally for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, the body weight and liver weight of the animals were measured. Blood samples were taken to measure albumin, bilirubin and total protein levels. Liver tissue samples were studied pathologically after hematoxylin-eosin staining.

Results: The mean body weight in all experimental groups did not show significant changes compared to the sham group2. The mean liver weight in all experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the sham group2. Mean serum bilirubin concentration in all experimental groups showed a significant decrease compared to the sham group2. The mean serum albumin concentration in the experimental group receiving 3 showed a significant increase compared to the sham group2. Mean serum albumin and total protein concentrations in the experimental group receiving 2 showed a significant increase compared to the sham group2 (P <0.05). In all experimental groups, the improvement of hepatic tissue changes induced by cadmium chloride was dose-dependent.

Conclusion: It is possible that the hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Alcea rosea improves the changes in biochemical factors and hepatic tissue induced by cadmium chloride in male rats.
Keywords: Aerial parts of Alcea rosea, Changes in biochemical factors, Cadmium chloride, Male rats
Full-Text [PDF 931 kb]   (505 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2022/05/14 | Accepted: 2023/03/05 | Published: 2023/05/31
References
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2. El-Sokkary GH, Nafady AA, Shabash EH. Melatonin administration ameliorates cadmium-induced oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of rat. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2010 Mar 1;73(3):456-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.014]
3. Lasfer M, Vadrot N, Aoudjehane L, Conti F, Bringuier AF, Feldmann G, Reyl-Desmars F. Cadmium induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of normal human hepatocytes. Cell biology and toxicology. 2008 Jan;24(1):55-62. [DOI:10.1007/s10565-007-9015-0]
4. Pham TN, Marion M, Denizeau F, Jumarie C. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes does not necessarily involve caspase-dependent pathways. Toxicology in vitro. 2006 Dec 1;20(8):1331-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.05.005]
5. Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2005 Oct 1;16(10):577-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013]
6. Boulos L.Flora of Egypt, Al Hadara publishing, Egypt. 1999, 2:97.
7. Bailey LH. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture, New York. The MacMillan Company, 2008; 1:92-95.
8. Papiez M, Gancarczyk M, Bilińska B. The compounds from the hollyhock extract (Althaea rosea Cav. var. nigra) affect the aromatization in rat testicular cells in vivo and in vitro. Folia histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2002 Jan 1;40(4):353-9.
9. Fahamiya N.Pharmacological, physicochemical and phytochemical investigation of Althaea rosa.IJPRD, 2011;4(03):129 -140
10. Ahmadi M, Rad AK, Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh MA, Mohammadian N, Tabasi NS. Alcea rosea root extract as a preventive and curative agent in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012 May;44(3):304. [DOI:10.4103/0253-7613.96298]
11. Liaqat Hussain, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, Madeha Tahir, Kanwal Rehman, Khwaja Zafar Ahmed. Hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract of Alcea rosea against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology . 2014;Vol 9, No 3 [DOI:10.3329/bjp.v9i3.19068]
12. Papiez M. Histochemical changes in the Leydig cells of rats drinking the aqueous hollyhock extract. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica. 2001 Jan 1;39(2):219-20.
13. Zhang Y, Jin L, Chen Q, Wu Z, Dong Y, Han L, Wang T. Hypoglycemic activity evaluation and chemical study on hollyhock flowers. Fitoterapia. 2015 Apr 1;102:7-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.001]
14. Choi ES, Cho SD, Shin J, Kwon KH, Cho NP, Shim JH. Althaea rosea Cavanil and Plantago major L. suppress neoplastic cell transformation through the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase. Molecular medicine reports. 2012 Oct 1;6(4):843-7. [DOI:10.3892/mmr.2012.977]
15. Iredale JP. Cirrhosis: new research provides a basis for rational and targeted treatments. Bmj. 2003 Jul 17;327(7407):143-7. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.327.7407.143]
16. Friedman SL.2003. Liver fibrosis-from bench to bedside .J Hepatol,38 suppl 1 : S 38-53. [DOI:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00429-4]
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18. Babri SH, Doosti MH, Fatehi L, Salari AA. The effects of Scrophularia striata extract on anxiety and depression behaviors in adult male mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;18(2):133-40.
19. Sanaei B, Behnam-Rasouli M, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Rakhshandeh H, Ataei-Nakhaei S. Comparative study of the effects of passiflora and diazepam during pregnancy on the neocortical neuronal densityin newborn Wistar rats. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012 Dec 10;4(3):381-9.. [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.3.381]
20. Deveci E, Deveci S. The Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Oesophagus of Rats. International Journal of Morphology. 2011 Sep 1;29(3). [DOI:10.4067/S0717-95022011000300002]
21. Haghightjoo SA, Shariati M, Mokhtari M, Moghadamnia D. Effect of diazinon on functional tests and liver tissue alterations in adult rats. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2019 Mar 10;21(1):38-45.
22. Mostafavi Pour Z, Zal F, Monabati and Vessal M. Protective effects of a combination of quercetin and vitamin E against cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats.Hepathol Res.2008;38(4):385-92. [DOI:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00273.x]
23. Atef M. Al-Attar. Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba Leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice.J Biomed Biotechnol.2012;2012:761450. [DOI:10.1155/2012/761450]
24. Alkiyumi SS,Abdullah MA,Alrashdi AS,Salama SM,Abdelwahab SI,Hadi AH.Ipomoea aquatica extract shows protective action against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecules.2012;17(5):6146-55. [DOI:10.3390/molecules17056146]
25. Guo H, Lin W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Hu Z, Li L, Duan Z, Zhang J, Ren F. Kaempferol induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress-CHOP-autophagy signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 10;8(47):82207. [DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.19200]
26. Harasstani OA, Tham CL, Israf DA. Kaempferol and chrysin synergies to improve septic mice survival. Molecules. 2017 Jan;22(1):92. [DOI:10.3390/molecules22010092]
27. Guo H, Ren F, Zhang LI, Zhang X, Yang R, Xie B, Li Z, Hu Z, Duan Z, Zhang J. Kaempferol induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Molecular medicine reports. 2016 Mar 1;13(3):2791-800. [DOI:10.3892/mmr.2016.4845]
28. Wang J, Miao M, Zhang Y, Liu R, Li X, Cui Y, Qu L. Quercetin ameliorates liver injury induced with Tripterygium glycosides by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2015;93(6):427-33. [DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2015-0038]
29. Shakya G, Manjini S, Hoda M, Rajagopalan R. Hepatoprotective role of kaempferol during alcohol-and ΔPUFA-induced oxidative stress. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2014 Feb 1;25(1):73-9. [DOI:10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0051]
30. Shih TY, Young TH, Lee HS, Hsieh CB, Hu OY. Protective effects of kaempferol on isoniazid-and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. The AAPS journal. 2013 Jul;15(3):753-62. [DOI:10.1208/s12248-013-9490-6]
31. Wei CB, Tao K, Jiang R, Zhou LD, Zhang QH, Yuan CS. Quercetin protects mouse liver against triptolide-induced hepatic injury by restoring Th17/Treg balance through Tim-3 and TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway. International immunopharmacology. 2017 Dec 1;53:73-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.026]
32. Kasmi S, Bkhairia I, Harrabi B, Mnif H, Marrakchi R, Ghozzi H, Kallel C, Nasri M, Zeghal K, Jamoussi K, Hakim A. Modulatory effects of quercetin on liver histopathological, biochemical, hematological, oxidative stress and DNA alterations in rats exposed to graded doses of score 250. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2018 Jan 2;28(1):12-22. [DOI:10.1080/15376516.2017.1351507]
33. Yarahmadi A, Zal F, Bolouki A. Protective effects of quercetin on nicotine induced oxidative stress in 'HepG2 cells'. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2017 Oct 13;27(8):609-14. [DOI:10.1080/15376516.2017.1344338]
34. Maksymchuk O, Shysh A, Rosohatska I, Chashchyn M. Quercetin prevents type 1 diabetic liver damage through inhibition of CYP2E1. Pharmacological Reports. 2017 Dec 1;69(6):1386-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.pharep.2017.05.020]
35. Eftekhari A, Ahmadian E, Panahi-Azar V, Hosseini H, Tabibiazar M, Maleki Dizaj S. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging actions of quercetin nanoparticles on aflatoxin B1-induced liver damage: in vitro/in vivo studies. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2018 Feb 17;46(2):411-20. [DOI:10.1080/21691401.2017.1315427]
36. Zhang JQ, Shi L, Xu XN, Huang SC, Lu B, Ji LL, Wang ZT. Therapeutic detoxification of quercetin against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice and its mechanism. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 2014 Dec;15(12):1039-47. [DOI:10.1631/jzus.B1400104]
37. Peng Z, Gong X, Yang Y, Huang L, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Wan R, Zhang B. Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin against LPS/d-GalN induced acute liver injury in mice by inhibiting the IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways. International immunopharmacology 2017 Nov 1;52:281-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.022]
38. Padma VV, Baskaran R, Roopesh RS, Poornima P. Quercetin attenuates lindane induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. Molecular biology reports. 2012 Jun 1;39(6):6895-905. [DOI:10.1007/s11033-012-1516-0]
39. Wang J, Miao M, Zhang Y, Liu R, Li X, Cui Y, Qu L. Quercetin ameliorates liver injury induced with Tripterygium glycosides by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2015;93(6):427-33. [DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2015-0038]
40. Renugadevi J, Prabu SM. Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the protective effect of naringenin. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2010 Mar 1;62(2):171-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.etp.2009.03.010]
41. El-Sokkary GH, Nafady AA, Shabash EH. Melatonin administration ameliorates cadmium-induced oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of rat. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2010 Mar 1;73(3):456-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.014]
42. Lasfer M, Vadrot N, Aoudjehane L, Conti F, Bringuier AF, Feldmann G, Reyl-Desmars F. Cadmium induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of normal human hepatocytes. Cell biology and toxicology. 2008 Jan;24(1):55-62. [DOI:10.1007/s10565-007-9015-0]
43. Pham TN, Marion M, Denizeau F, Jumarie C. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes does not necessarily involve caspase-dependent pathways. Toxicology in vitro. 2006 Dec 1;20(8):1331-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.05.005]
44. Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2005 Oct 1;16(10):577-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013]
45. Boulos L.Flora of Egypt, Al Hadara publishing, Egypt. 1999, 2:97.
46. Bailey LH. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture, New York. The MacMillan Company, 2008; 1:92-95.
47. Papiez M, Gancarczyk M, Bilińska B. The compounds from the hollyhock extract (Althaea rosea Cav. var. nigra) affect the aromatization in rat testicular cells in vivo and in vitro. Folia histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2002 Jan 1;40(4):353-9.
48. Fahamiya N.Pharmacological, physicochemical and phytochemical investigation of Althaea rosa.IJPRD, 2011;4(03):129 -140
49. Ahmadi M, Rad AK, Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh MA, Mohammadian N, Tabasi NS. Alcea rosea root extract as a preventive and curative agent in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012 May;44(3):304. [DOI:10.4103/0253-7613.96298]
50. Liaqat Hussain, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, Madeha Tahir, Kanwal Rehman, Khwaja Zafar Ahmed. Hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract of Alcea rosea against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology . 2014;Vol 9, No 3 [DOI:10.3329/bjp.v9i3.19068]
51. Papiez M. Histochemical changes in the Leydig cells of rats drinking the aqueous hollyhock extract. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica. 2001 Jan 1;39(2):219-20.
52. Zhang Y, Jin L, Chen Q, Wu Z, Dong Y, Han L, Wang T. Hypoglycemic activity evaluation and chemical study on hollyhock flowers. Fitoterapia. 2015 Apr 1;102:7-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.001]
53. Choi ES, Cho SD, Shin J, Kwon KH, Cho NP, Shim JH. Althaea rosea Cavanil and Plantago major L. suppress neoplastic cell transformation through the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase. Molecular medicine reports. 2012 Oct 1;6(4):843-7. [DOI:10.3892/mmr.2012.977]
54. Iredale JP. Cirrhosis: new research provides a basis for rational and targeted treatments. Bmj. 2003 Jul 17;327(7407):143-7. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.327.7407.143]
55. Friedman SL.2003. Liver fibrosis-from bench to bedside .J Hepatol,38 suppl 1 : S 38-53. [DOI:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00429-4]
56. Bataller R,Brenner DA. Liver fibrosis .J Clin Invest, 2005; 115(2):209-18. [DOI:10.1172/JCI24282]
57. Babri SH, Doosti MH, Fatehi L, Salari AA. The effects of Scrophularia striata extract on anxiety and depression behaviors in adult male mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;18(2):133-40.
58. Sanaei B, Behnam-Rasouli M, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Rakhshandeh H, Ataei-Nakhaei S. Comparative study of the effects of passiflora and diazepam during pregnancy on the neocortical neuronal densityin newborn Wistar rats. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012 Dec 10;4(3):381-9.. [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.3.381]
59. Deveci E, Deveci S. The Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Oesophagus of Rats. International Journal of Morphology. 2011 Sep 1;29(3). [DOI:10.4067/S0717-95022011000300002]
60. Haghightjoo SA, Shariati M, Mokhtari M, Moghadamnia D. Effect of diazinon on functional tests and liver tissue alterations in adult rats. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2019 Mar 10;21(1):38-45.
61. Mostafavi Pour Z, Zal F, Monabati and Vessal M. Protective effects of a combination of quercetin and vitamin E against cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats.Hepathol Res.2008;38(4):385-92. [DOI:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00273.x]
62. Atef M. Al-Attar. Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba Leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice.J Biomed Biotechnol.2012;2012:761450. [DOI:10.1155/2012/761450]
63. Alkiyumi SS,Abdullah MA,Alrashdi AS,Salama SM,Abdelwahab SI,Hadi AH.Ipomoea aquatica extract shows protective action against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecules.2012;17(5):6146-55. [DOI:10.3390/molecules17056146]
64. Guo H, Lin W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Hu Z, Li L, Duan Z, Zhang J, Ren F. Kaempferol induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress-CHOP-autophagy signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 10;8(47):82207. [DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.19200]
65. Harasstani OA, Tham CL, Israf DA. Kaempferol and chrysin synergies to improve septic mice survival. Molecules. 2017 Jan;22(1):92. [DOI:10.3390/molecules22010092]
66. Guo H, Ren F, Zhang LI, Zhang X, Yang R, Xie B, Li Z, Hu Z, Duan Z, Zhang J. Kaempferol induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Molecular medicine reports. 2016 Mar 1;13(3):2791-800. [DOI:10.3892/mmr.2016.4845]
67. Wang J, Miao M, Zhang Y, Liu R, Li X, Cui Y, Qu L. Quercetin ameliorates liver injury induced with Tripterygium glycosides by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2015;93(6):427-33. [DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2015-0038]
68. Shakya G, Manjini S, Hoda M, Rajagopalan R. Hepatoprotective role of kaempferol during alcohol-and ΔPUFA-induced oxidative stress. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2014 Feb 1;25(1):73-9. [DOI:10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0051]
69. Shih TY, Young TH, Lee HS, Hsieh CB, Hu OY. Protective effects of kaempferol on isoniazid-and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. The AAPS journal. 2013 Jul;15(3):753-62. [DOI:10.1208/s12248-013-9490-6]
70. Wei CB, Tao K, Jiang R, Zhou LD, Zhang QH, Yuan CS. Quercetin protects mouse liver against triptolide-induced hepatic injury by restoring Th17/Treg balance through Tim-3 and TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway. International immunopharmacology. 2017 Dec 1;53:73-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.026]
71. Kasmi S, Bkhairia I, Harrabi B, Mnif H, Marrakchi R, Ghozzi H, Kallel C, Nasri M, Zeghal K, Jamoussi K, Hakim A. Modulatory effects of quercetin on liver histopathological, biochemical, hematological, oxidative stress and DNA alterations in rats exposed to graded doses of score 250. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2018 Jan 2;28(1):12-22. [DOI:10.1080/15376516.2017.1351507]
72. Yarahmadi A, Zal F, Bolouki A. Protective effects of quercetin on nicotine induced oxidative stress in 'HepG2 cells'. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2017 Oct 13;27(8):609-14. [DOI:10.1080/15376516.2017.1344338]
73. Maksymchuk O, Shysh A, Rosohatska I, Chashchyn M. Quercetin prevents type 1 diabetic liver damage through inhibition of CYP2E1. Pharmacological Reports. 2017 Dec 1;69(6):1386-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.pharep.2017.05.020]
74. Eftekhari A, Ahmadian E, Panahi-Azar V, Hosseini H, Tabibiazar M, Maleki Dizaj S. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging actions of quercetin nanoparticles on aflatoxin B1-induced liver damage: in vitro/in vivo studies. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2018 Feb 17;46(2):411-20. [DOI:10.1080/21691401.2017.1315427]
75. Zhang JQ, Shi L, Xu XN, Huang SC, Lu B, Ji LL, Wang ZT. Therapeutic detoxification of quercetin against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice and its mechanism. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 2014 Dec;15(12):1039-47. [DOI:10.1631/jzus.B1400104]
76. Peng Z, Gong X, Yang Y, Huang L, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Wan R, Zhang B. Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin against LPS/d-GalN induced acute liver injury in mice by inhibiting the IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways. International immunopharmacology 2017 Nov 1;52:281-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.022]
77. Padma VV, Baskaran R, Roopesh RS, Poornima P. Quercetin attenuates lindane induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. Molecular biology reports. 2012 Jun 1;39(6):6895-905. [DOI:10.1007/s11033-012-1516-0]
78. Wang J, Miao M, Zhang Y, Liu R, Li X, Cui Y, Qu L. Quercetin ameliorates liver injury induced with Tripterygium glycosides by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2015;93(6):427-33. [DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2015-0038]
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Ghavami M, Shariati M, Mokhtari M, Khatamsaz S, Moghadamnia D. Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Alcea rosea aerial parts against changes in biochemical factors and hepatic tissue induced by cadmium chloride in male rats. aumj 2023; 12 (2) :144-156
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