2026-08-12T12:41:12+03:30 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=58&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

58-1823 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Bahareh Tavakoli-Far Asieh Hosseini Hasan Fallah-Huseini Mahdi Mohammdi Mahdi Goudarzvand Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of a mixture of extracts from "Trigonella foenum-graecum", "Vaccinium arctostaphylos", "Silybum marianum", "Urtica dioica", "Melissa officinalis", and "Citrullus colocynthis" in a diabetic rat model, as well as to evaluate potential liver complications associated with this extract. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic through intraperitoneal administration of alloxan (60 mg/kg). One week post-induction, diabetic rats were randomly assigned to five groups of six. The negative control group received distilled water via gavage, the positive control group received metformin (100 mg/kg), and three experimental groups received daily gavage of the plant extract mixture at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 days of treatment, blood samples were collected from the tail to assess fasting blood sugar (FBS) and liver biomarkers. Subsequently, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and liver tissue was prepared for histopathological evaluation using hematoxylin-eosin staining and light microscopy. Results: The extract at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg significantly reduced FBS and hpp2 levels. However, the 600 mg/kg dose resulted in a significant increase in liver enzymes and induced liver tissue damage. Conclusion: The mixture of plant extracts demonstrated an anti-diabetic effect at a dosage of 300 mg/kg without toxic effects on the liver. These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of the extract in managing diabetes while highlighting the need for caution at higher dosages. Diabetes Mellitus Antidiabetic Agents Herbal Medicine Liver Diseases Rats 2024 11 01 242 253 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1823-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.242

58-1686 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Roohangiz Norouzinia Karim Shyasi Mahsa Khedmatizare Pardis Rahmatpour Introduction: Patient safety is crucial for effective healthcare delivery, and operating rooms (ORs) are among the most hazardous environments in hospitals. Identifying factors that contribute to errors and barriers to reporting them is essential. This study aimed to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of scales measuring factors influencing error occurrence and barriers to error reporting in the OR, as perceived by operating room and anesthesia students in 2022. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 2022 with 270 operating room and anesthesia students from Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Two scales were developed: one for “factors affecting the occurrence of errors” and another for “barriers to error reporting,” informed by literature review and expert panel insights. The scales underwent evaluation for face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability assessment. Results: Following revisions for face validity, the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for all items exceeded 0.62 and 0.7, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors for the error occurrence scale: individual factors (8 items), educational-skill factors (6 items), environmental factors (4 items), and managerial factors (4 items). Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.79 to 0.90, and McDonald's omega values from 0.7 to 0.87. For the error reporting scale, three factors emerged: legal consequences (11 items), management factors (4 items), and reporting process (4 items). Cronbach's alpha for these factors ranged from 0.86 to 0.95, and McDonald's omega from 0.7 to 0.89. Conclusion: The developed scales demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability, making them suitable for assessing the factors influencing errors and reporting barriers in ORs from the perspective of operating room and anesthesia students. Addressing these factors can enable educational and medical managers to implement effective strategies to enhance patient safety by reducing errors and improving the reporting process in hospital ORs. Patient safety Operating Rooms Medical Errors Educational Measurement Psychometrics 2024 11 01 254 264 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1686-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.254

58-1650 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Leila Rajaian Masoumeh Asle-Rousta Background and purpose:  Chronic immobilization stress can damage the nervous system, leading to learning and memory disorders, anxiety, and depression. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is known for its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. This study investigates the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of parsley on learning, spatial memory, and anxiety behavior in adult male Wistar rats subjected to chronic immobility stress. Materials and methods: Sixty rats were divided into six groups: control, stress, Parsley 1 (1 mg/kg), Parsley 2 (2 mg/kg), stress-parsley 1, and stress-parsley 2. For 21 consecutive days, rats were restrained for 6 hours daily to induce stress. Hydroalcoholic extracts of parsley were administered via gavage at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg during this period. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze, while anxiety behavior was evaluated with the elevated plus maze. Results: In the Morris water maze, stress-parsley groups 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in the time and distance traveled to reach the hidden platform compared to the stress group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In the probe test, these groups spent a greater distance and time in the target quadrant compared to the stress group (stress-parsley group 1, p < 0.05; stress-parsley group 2, p < 0.01). Additionally, the elevated plus maze results indicated that the percentage of entries into the open arm and time spent in this arm were significantly higher in the stress-parsley groups compared to the stress group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract of parsley improved learning and spatial memory while reducing anxiety behavior in rats exposed to chronic immobility stress, suggesting its potential therapeutic effects for stress-induced disorders. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Spatial memory Anxiety 2024 11 01 265 275 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1650-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.265

58-1762 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Nafise Fallah Azadeh Babaei Zahra Momeni Introduction Tooth decay is a prevalent chronic disease worldwide; preventive care is essential for its management. Despite some side effects, Chlorhexidine mouthwash is the gold standard for controlling plaque and preventing caries. This study evaluates the antibacterial effects of "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. and "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff extracts on "Streptococcus mutans" compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Materials & Methods This laboratory study involved preparing herbal extracts of "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. and "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff. The Well Diffusion Agar test measured the inhibition zone diameter at a concentration of 100,000 ppm for the extracts and chlorhexidine mouthwash, with chlorhexidine and distilled water serving as positive and negative controls, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined for the extracts and mouthwash. Finally, the "Streptococcus mutans" count was assessed after exposure to the extracts and mouthwash. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, applying the Kruskal-Wallis test for group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons. Results The study reported three key findings. The inhibition zone diameters were 19 mm for chlorhexidine mouthwash, 0 mm for "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L., and 13 mm for "Kellusia odoratissima” Mozaff. MIC values were 6250 ppm for chlorhexidine, >100000 ppm for "Trigonella foenum-graceum", and 50000 ppm for "Kellusia odoratissima", with corresponding MBC values of 12500 ppm, >100000 ppm, and 100000 ppm. Significant differences in bacterial reduction percentages were noted after 30 minutes and 6 hours (both: p<0.001), with chlorhexidine showing the highest efficacy at 30 minutes, while "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff had the highest efficacy at 6 hours. Conclusion This study demonstrated that "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff extract has antibacterial effects comparable to chlorhexidine, while "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. showed limited antibacterial activity against "Streptococcus mutans". Dental caries Chlorhexidine Streptococcus mutans Herbal Medicine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 2024 11 01 276 289 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1762-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.276

58-1203 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Nahid Abbasi Khoshsirat Parham Samimisedeh In March 2020, the World Health Organization announced that the disease caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus (COVID-19) had become a pandemic. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China. Among the high-risk groups during the COVID-19 pandemic are individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Many experienced practitioners in the treatment of MS have noted that it is still unclear whether MS treatment with medication affects the susceptibility to or the clinical severity of COVID-19 infection. However, based on most current articles, medications with the highest levels of immunosuppression (such as CD-20 inhibitors like Rituximab) are likely not suitable for treating MS patients during the COVID-19 epidemic, although there is no scientific evidence to prove this. This study examines a 44-year-old woman with known MS who was treated with Zytux (Rituximab) and received her last dose in early February 2020, coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic. On March 21, 2020, less than a month after the injection, she presented with symptoms of cough, fever, and myalgia, and was ultimately diagnosed with COVID-19. The patient was hospitalized and died during admission due to respiratory failure. Multiple Sclerosis Rituximab COVID-19 Immunosuppression Respiratory Failure 2024 11 01 290 294 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1203-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.290

58-1809 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Shahab Noorian Peyman Saeedi peysaeidi@gmail.com The 46,XX male disorder of sexual development is a rare condition, occurring in approximately one in 20,000 live male births. Clinical manifestations can include testicular atrophy, azoospermia, gynecomastia, short stature, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and micropenis. We present the case of a 13-year-old Iranian boy referred for delayed puberty. Physical examination revealed small testes and micropenis, corresponding to a Tanner stage of G1 for genitalia and P3-4 for pubic hair. Laboratory tests indicated hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and karyotyping confirmed a 46,XX karyotype. The patient was started on testosterone enanthate at a dosage of 300 mg every three weeks. Additionally, long-term psychological support and regular gonadal monitoring were incorporated into the management plan. Case report Sexual Development Disorders Testosterone Puberty Disorders Karyotype Hypogonadism. 2024 11 01 295 299 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1809-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.295

58-1695 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Hadi Behzad Setareh Kafashan Ali Eslami Zahraii Mahmoud Rezvani Amin Ahmad Mohammad baigi Meniere's disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness, with endolymphatic hydrops being the most significant histopathological change associated with the condition. The etiology of Meniere's disease and the connection between its symptoms and endolymphatic hydrops remain unclear and controversial. Approximately 3% of patients with Meniere's disease are pediatric, leading to a scarcity of studies focused on this demographic. This report presents a rare case of Meniere's disease in a child. The patient was a 14-year-old girl who visited the Echo Hearing-Balance Clinic in Mashhad, reporting hearing loss and tinnitus. Evaluations revealed low-frequency hearing loss, and MRI results were completely normal. A comprehensive assessment, including medical history, audiological findings, electrophysiological tests, and vestibular evaluations, indicated a diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Meniere Disease Hearing Loss Vertigo Tinnitus Pediatric 2024 11 01 300 306 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1695-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.300

58-1204 2026-08-12 10.1002

Alborz University Medical Journal aumj 2322-3839 2588-3046 10.61186/aums 2024 13 4 Nahid Abbasi Khoshsirat Parham Samimisedeh In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the disease caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus (COVID-19) is a pandemic. The initial symptoms of COVID-19 typically include fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Although cerebrovascular symptoms and strokes have also been mentioned as complications of COVID-19, the exact pathophysiology of these conditions is still not fully understood, and the route of virus entry into the nervous system remains unclear, with various hypotheses proposed. Regarding brain hemorrhage and its connection to COVID-19, a study raised the question of whether COVID-19 is the cause of this complication or merely a coincidence. It has been hypothesized that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, present in the endothelial cells of cerebral vessels and involved in vascular autoregulation and cerebral blood flow, may be affected by COVID-19, potentially leading to disturbances in cerebral autoregulation and ultimately resulting in the rupture of cerebral vessels. This case report presents a 76-year-old man with brain hemorrhage and concurrent COVID-19, confirmed by PCR testing. COVID-19 Brain Hemorrhage Cerebrovascular Disorders Case Reports 2024 11 01 307 310 http://aums.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1204-en.pdf 10.61186/aums.13.4.307