Alborz University

---

Background: Exam anxiety and reduce of that, is one of the problems of educational systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on level of exam anxiety among nursing students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This is a triple blind clinical trial on 91 nursing students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences which have been sampled simply and randomized divided into group A and group B. Vital signs and Spielberg state–trait anxiety inventory were measured and recorded at baseline and 5 minutes after intervention and after exam .Then, the students were asked to place the bottle of aroma (lavender or sterile water) at a distance of 5 cm of nose and inhale for 10 minutes. Half of students were exposed to bottles that fulfilled by 5 drops of lavender essential oil and half of them were exposed to bottles that fulfilled by 5 drops of sterile water that labeled as A or B and was blind for subjects, researchers and analyzer. After analysis, content of each bottle was disclosed. Results: The results showed that there were meaningful difference between average exam anxiety, pulse and systolic blood pressure along the time (P=0.000, 0.023, 0.009). Conclusion: These results showed that although aromatherapy has been not meaningful statistical effective but can reduce the exam anxiety in nursing student along the time.

---

Introduction: In today's dynamic and turbulent environments, organization know their competitive advantage to obtain new information and specialized knowledge and is of great importance to keep pace with environmental changes. One of the most important organizational issues in this dynamic environment is in terms of the importance of knowledge organizational learning. In fact, learning organization adjusts itself with changing environment and increases its productivity. One tool causing it, is e-learning systems. In fact, these systems provide opportunity to staff to update their skills and knowledge during the work. One requirement of using this tool is assessing organizational readiness for its implementation. In this research, E-learning Readiness in Alborz University of Medical Sciences has been investigated.
Methods: This research is descriptive and in the type of analysis, it is a correlational survey. From the perspective of objective, it is an applied research that was conducted using questionnaires in an organization as a case study. The statistical population was 987 managers and employees, and the statistical sample was 272 people. The data was gathered in one step by the researcher, then analyzed in SPSS by using the descriptive statistics
Results: The results indicate that the mentioned organization, in general, has necessary readiness to develop these systems. For the successful development of E-learning system, there are two recommendations for the organization: organizational support and improvement of financial policies to implement more appropriate strategies.
Conclusions: There is enough E-learning Readiness in Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

---

Introduction: ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a neuro-behavioral syndrome that is characterized by a lack of attention, irritability, high activity, distressed behaviors, especially in boys.
Materials and Methods: A cohort study was conducted on 120 children aged 6 years. 60 children with low birth weight (less than 2500 g) as exposed group and 60 children with birth weight more than 3000 g as non-cohort Exposure to information collection was collected through a questionnaire distributed to families. At the end of the study, the relative frequency of hyperactivity and attention deficit disorders in low birth weight children was investigated

Results: The relative frequency of composite ADHD in the exposed group was 26/7% and in the non-exposed group was 18/3% (P-value: 0/274). The mean ADHD of the compound type in the exposure group was 5/060 and in the non-exposed group was 3/400 (P value: 0/033). In this study, the relative frequency of composite ADHD in terms of sex, feeding during infancy and birth was considered. The results showed that the p value was not significantly different, but probably not due to the quantitative size of the sample.

Conclusion: Relative frequency of composite ADHD in children with low birth weight was 26/7%, but this level was not statistically significant, ie, ADHD is not associated with low birth weight. But in terms of medicine, this relative frequency is almost 1/5 times higher than the non-exposed group.

---

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases which is related to a wide range spectrum of diseases such as cervicitis. Regarding the prevalence of this bacterium and its known complications and it was unclear prevalence in the Karaj region; therefore this study was conducted to determine the demographic status C. trachomatis in women cervicitis referred to Kamali hospital.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, out of 167, 100 women with cervicitis symptoms (according to gynecologist's diagnosis) were examined by PCR method for C. trachomatis. The data of each patient were entered into the questionnaire and the results of questioner were analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
Results: Out of 100 samples, 55 (55%) samples were C. trachomatis positive. The results of this study showed that among the variables studied there is a significant relationship between erythema and C. trachomatis infection.
Conclusion: The analysis of questionnaire result showed that, the most positive cases were among patient with non-academic, married, housekeepers. In spited of the results of most research carried out in other countries, the rate of infection in housewives without multi partner was higher than the other groups. The results of the study are noteworthy and need a broader precisely studies in the future and emphasize the sexual health education and encouraging screening program in Iran.

---

Background:  There are strong evidences that shows newly  nurses are not ready to enter the workplace.This issue may cause errors and the damages that can lead to many problems and adverse outcomes for patients. The preceptorship model for improving nursing education via action research approach is assessed in the study.
Methods: This study was conducted by action research method. Daily communications and monthly joint meetings were held from November 2015 to July 2016 for planning and management. Data were gathered via observation. The participants were 42 senior nursing students and 20 expert nurses. Both group participated in training sessions. In qualitative phase of study in-depth interview was conducted with 20 people including 15 students, 4 nurses and 1 nursing manager. In the quantitative phase all of the 42 students participated and their performance was assessed by OSCE. Also students’ satisfaction was examined by questionnaire. Three actions were developed and implemented. Qualitative data analysis was done by MAXQUDA software and SPSS was used for quantitative data analysis.  
 Results: Preceptors’ characteristics, clinical structure, communication between faculty and clinical environment were emerged from qualitative analysis.The most scores obtained from intravenous therapy and cardiopulmonary resuscitation stations, so that more than 55 percent of students were on the whole excellent and good. The lowest scores were reported in the history and nursing diagnoses and performances of 30 percent of the students were good, 42 percent 28 percent were moderate and poor respectively.
Conclusion: Our finding as a preliminary action research study are valubale implications to address challenges and also barriers to implement the preceptorship model in clinical education .

---

Background: Today, the use of cold plasma and its applications have taken into consideration. The plasma is a mixture of active oxygen and negative ions. This compound has a practical effect on the elimination of all types of bacteria and viruses. The cold plasma feature is essential and very useful in disinfecting processes. In this investigation, we plan to study the effect of gliding arc plasma on the destruction of two type of bacteria called S.aureus and P. aeruginosa which funded in the around the injury.
Methods: Plasma was irradiated to culturing bacteria environment over the different period. After applying the plasma, the Petri dishes were incubated at 37 ° C for 12 hours to grow the bacteria in the incubator. On the following day, colony formation was counted, then gliding arc plasma was induced at the atmospheric pressure to the bacteria that was implanted. Plasma effects were evaluated for the destruction of bacteria. Three types of gas were used for the creation of the plasma.
Results: Radiation of a high dose of plasma, caused significant bacterial destruction and decreased bacterial colonies. After about 1 minute, 99.9% of the S.aureus bacteria were destroyed. The best results are obtained in the presence of argon plasma and compressed air such that after 1 minute of plasma irradiation and compressed air, 90% of S.Aureus bacteria were destroyed at a concentration of 102 bacteria, while helium had little effect on bacteria.
Conclusion: The study also shows that gram-positive bacteria (S.Aureus) are more sensitive to plasma than P. gonorrhea (P. aeruginosa) and disappear faster.

---

Background: There is an obvious relationship between learning environment and valuable outcomes such as satisfaction and student success. It is necessary to identify and strengthen the weaknesses of the learning environment, to improve the quality of learning. The aim of the present study was to assess the medical student’s views on the educational environment of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 1396.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 27 medical students in four internal wards, pediatrics, gynecology and general surgery in four university-affiliated teaching hospitals. The research tool was a 50-item DREEM (Dundee Ready Education Environment) questionnaire in five areas of student perception of learning, student perception of professors, student perception of their scientific ability, student perception of educational atmosphere, student perception of their social conditions. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
Results: In this study, the mean age of participants was 25.4±0.7 years. The average score in the five domains was 93.8±28.9 out of a maximum of 200 points. The mean score of learning area was 22.8±9.6, clinical professors 23.8±9.4, perception of their scientific ability was 15.7±8.2, educational atmosphere was 21.3±9.9 and their social conditions were 11.1±4.2. The mean score of clinical education situation was significantly different in different wards (P=0.003).
Conclusion: The viewpoint of university medical students about the situation of clinical education environment was in the semi-optimal range. Some wards such as internal ward need more attention from University administrators and officials.

---

Background: Dental traumas are important events that can cause tooth displacement, fracture or removal teeth from dental socket. Studies have shown that the prognosis of treatment depends on the knowledge of those present at the accident and the correct performance of the dentist in treating the injured person. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and practice of dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences about traumatic dental injuries.
Methods: The present study was conducted on 63 dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants answered a questionnaire containing 7 multiple-choice questions. Questions 1 and 2 were about demographic information of students and questions 3 to 7 were related to dental trauma.
Results: The results showed that, in response to question 3 93.7% of people, take it to the dentist after finding the broken fragment. In response to question 4, 63.5% put the broken fragment in the milk and take it to the dentist. In response to question 5, 57.1% of people after finding a tooth, replant it and take to the dentist. In response to question 6, 58.7% wash the tooth in tap water, if find the tooth covered by dirt. In response to question 7, 42.9% of people selected the extracted tooth environment as milk.
Conclusion: Comparison of previous studies and guidelines related to dental trauma management with the findings of this study showed that dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences have good knowledge about this issue.
 

---

Background and Aim: Cadmium has similar chemical and physical properties to metals such as zinc and copper, can be transferred to cells via an ionic and molecular process, and disrupts cell biological functions and homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on serum and tissue levels of zinc and copper, Also, the protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in preventing cadmium-induced toxicity and tissue inflammation in the lung tissue of rats exposed to single-dose and continuous-dose cadmium.
Materials and Methods: 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six in this interventional-experimental study. The control group only received regular water and food. The first group received a single dose treatment of 80 mg/kg of cadmium chloride on the first day of the study, while the second group received a continuous dose of 2.5 mg / kg of cadmium chloride every other day for 4 weeks.  On the first day of the study, the third group received a single dose of 80 mg / kg cadmium chloride along with 50 mg / kg N-acetylcysteine. For four weeks, the fourth treatment group received a continuous dose of 2. 5 mg of cadmium chloride along with 50 mg of N-acetylcysteine. Cadmium chloride and N-acetylcysteine were administered to the animals via gavage. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples from the heart were taken to determine the level of the elements. After anesthesia, lung tissue was removed from the chest and part of it was used for histological work, while the other part was used to measure element levels.
Results: Treatment with cadmium chloride showed a decrease in serum copper levels in the second treatment group compared to the control group (P-value <0.01). In addition, cadmium chloride treatment in the second treatment group compared to the control group caused a significant reduction in copper tissue level (P-value <0.001). Cadmium chloride treatment reduced serum zinc levels in the second treatment group compared to the control group (P-value <0.01). Tissue level of zinc in the second treatment group compared to the control showed a significant decrease (P-value <0.001). Simultaneous treatment of cadmium chloride and N-acetylcysteine ​​in the fourth treatment group as a continuous dose compared to the second treatment group caused a significant increase in serum copper level (P-value <0.05). And copper tissue level in the fourth treatment group increased significantly compared to the second treatment group (P-value <0. 001). Also, simultaneous treatment of cadmium chloride and N-acetylcysteine ​​in the fourth treatment group showed that serum zinc level (P-value <0.05) and tissue level of zinc (P-value <0.01) were significantly higher than the second treatment group.
Conclusion: Continuous N-acetylcysteine administration reduces the toxicity of cadmium chloride in rats exposed to a continuous dose of cadmium chloride and improves serum and tissue copper and zinc levels.

 

---

Introduction and goal: One of the problems of kidney failure patients, especially patients who are in the final stages of this disease, is uremic stomatitis, which can be caused by hemodialysis, the disease process, or both. Considering that dialysis as a metabolic disorder has many effects on people, including oral complications and mucosal lesions, knowing the prevalence of uremic stomatitis in patients with kidney failure and undergoing dialysis is necessary for planning interventions. Similar in this field has not been done in the city of Karaj or even in the country of Iran, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of uremic stomatitis in dialysis patients of Imam Ali Hospital in Karaj and its related factors in the year 1400.

materials and methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the year 1400 in Imam Ali (AS) hospital in Karaj city. After the necessary coordination and obtaining the relevant permits, 384 dialysis patients who had files in Imam Ali Hospital (A.S.) in Karaj city were included in the study. The selection of people was simple random and based on the list of patients. The patients were diagnosed with stomatitis. Uremic were examined
Also, the duration of dialysis, family history of kidney failure, diabetes, duration of diabetes and hemoglobin a1c level were asked and the relevant information was recorded.

Results: According to the results of this study, the prevalence of uremic stomatitis in patients was 3.38%. This problem was more in men than women (84.61% compared to 13.59%). Also, the average age of male patients with this disease was higher compared to women (67.45± (5.12) years compared to 48.50±(4.95) years) and had been dialyzed for a longer period of time (5.64±(0.5) years compared to 1.5±(0.7)). Also, the family history of dialysis was more in men (81%. 8 compared to 0). The prevalence of diabetes in male patients was higher compared to female patients (100% compared to 50%) and the duration of diabetes was longer in men compared to women ((2.64±0.5) years in comparison with (0±1) years) and on the other hand, diabetes control was better in women compared to men, so that 50% of female patients had a blood hemoglobin level of 8-5.9, while the level of hemoglobin a1c in all male patients was higher than 8.

---

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate stress, anxiety and depression and design of a structural equation model to express the importance and contribution of each risk factor in students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study with structural equation modeling method, which was conducted in the second half of 2018 among 700 students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. The data were collected using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality and Depression, Anxiety and Stress DASS1. The primary model was developed based on literature review and significant variables. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the fitting index of the model. Data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.
Results: According to the final structural model, 91% of depression variance was expressed by the factors presented in the model. According to this model, stress alone explained 17% of depression changes, so that high levels of stress lead to depression. The fitting index of the final model RMSEA, CFI, TLI and CMIN / DF was 0.95, 0.96, 0.06 and 2.23, respectively.

Conclusion: The overall results showed that there is a significant relationship between mental health problems and academic performance, family relationships and type of residence of students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Addiction and worrying about finding a job in the future will increase the risk of mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression.

---

Introduction: IBD is a multifactorial disease that is classified as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. in this study, we aimed to assess the effects of different volume of 4% acetic acid to induction of acute ulcerative colitis and immunological responses in BALB/c mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, mice were divided into four groups (five mice in each group). Then, control group was injected intrarectally with normal saline, in the case groups different volume of 4% acetic acid (60, 80 and 100 μl) were injected intrarectally. Clinical manifestations of colitis in mice including: weight loss, bleeding and diarrhea were evaluated daily. The animal groups were sacrificed on day 3 after injection and were examined microscopically and macroscopically. The supernatant of spleens cells was harvested and IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were measured by sandwich ELISA. The results of the study were analyzed and reported using Graphpad Prism software version 5.

Results: In microscopic and macroscopic examinations, significant lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the injected groups with doses of 60, 80 and 100 μl of acetic acid compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed macroscopically and microscopically between the acetic acid groups at doses of 60 and 80 μl. The use of 100 doses of acetic acid also induced colitis with acute symptoms and no mortality in mice. Also, evaluation of cytokines after induction of ulcerative colitis showed a significant increase in IFNγ levels and a decrease in IL-10 in the acetic acid group with a dose of 100, compared with the control group and other groups.

Conclusion: It seems that the use of 100 μl of 4% acetic acid with the proposed protocol can induce acute experimental colitis in female BALB/c mice as an optimal dose.

---