Alborz University

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative chronic inflammatory disease with neurological and cognitive manifestations which involves the central nervous system. The etiology of it is unknown, however, it appears several factors like genetic factors, environmental factors and their interactions play key roles in the development of MS. Many studies show that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for MS disease. In the 21st century, about 1 billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient. In this article, mechanisms which are associated with protective roles of vitamin D in MS based on epidemiological, immunological, experimental, molecular and clinical studies are discussed.

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Background: ECRHS questionnaire used for the survey of respiratory symptoms and asthma. In this study the prevalence and associated respiratory symptoms and spirometric indices in Tehran University students were assessed using a questionnaire ECRHS during 2013-2014.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1729 students from all faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were evaluated at ages 20 to 44 years. The first step for screening respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed by volunteers ECRHS I that 671 people were excluded because test is negative, and 997 patients because of the reluctance to enter the second phase of the study did not ECRHS II, and 61 patients were entered into the second phase ECRHS questions at this stage was completed by a doctor.

Results: The mean age of participants with respiratory symptoms

was 23.2±3.7 (20-44), that 508 (48%) men and 550 (52%) were female. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms according ECRHS I for all the symptoms 61.2%, respectively, the most frequent wheezing (33%), and the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (73.4%), the prevalence of diagnosed asthma was 9.3%.

Significant direct correlations were found between MEF 25-75 ∆ and With waking with a feeling of heaviness on chest , with Difficulty breathing , between FVCex ∆ and Attack of shortness of breath at rest, between FVCex with Respiratory symptoms during certain times of the menstrual cycle , between FEV1 with Respiratory symptoms during certain times of the menstrual cycle. Also, between allergic rhinitis with FEV1 , between MEF 25-75 with allergic rhinitis, and FEV1/FVC ∆ with allergic rhinitis were found Significa nt direct correlations. But, no significant direct correlations were found between allergic rhinitis with FEV1/FVC, between allergic rhinitis with FVCex ∆.

Conclusion: Asthma seems to be a pattern of high prevalence of risk factors including Environmental, labor, industrial pollution, housing, behavior issues, misconceptions of the disease, lack of education to patients by clinicians. It seems that for improve asthma control, ECRHS questionnaire and spirometry test may be used as a complementary tool in clinical practice to detect adults with asthma and respiratory symptomes.

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Background: Dental traumas are important events that can cause tooth displacement, fracture or removal teeth from dental socket. Studies have shown that the prognosis of treatment depends on the knowledge of those present at the accident and the correct performance of the dentist in treating the injured person. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and practice of dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences about traumatic dental injuries.
Methods: The present study was conducted on 63 dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants answered a questionnaire containing 7 multiple-choice questions. Questions 1 and 2 were about demographic information of students and questions 3 to 7 were related to dental trauma.
Results: The results showed that, in response to question 3 93.7% of people, take it to the dentist after finding the broken fragment. In response to question 4, 63.5% put the broken fragment in the milk and take it to the dentist. In response to question 5, 57.1% of people after finding a tooth, replant it and take to the dentist. In response to question 6, 58.7% wash the tooth in tap water, if find the tooth covered by dirt. In response to question 7, 42.9% of people selected the extracted tooth environment as milk.
Conclusion: Comparison of previous studies and guidelines related to dental trauma management with the findings of this study showed that dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences have good knowledge about this issue.