Alborz University

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Background: Evidence based medicine (EBM) is an approach to improve the quality of clinical decision making, treatment and care provided to patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of faculty members of Alborz University of Medical Sciences about EBM.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 2015 and 40 physicians participated. Data were collected by a valid and reliable structured questionnaire consisting 17 knowledge items, 8 attitude items and 12 items for practices about EBM. Using SPSS software version 19 data analyses was done.

Results: From a total of 49 faculty members 40 responded the questionnaires in which 62.5% were female, the mean average age was 40.6 years and mean time of job experience was 8.1 years. About half of the respondents had participated in an EBM workshop, 10% of the participants have stated that do not know EBM and 37.5% had low knowledge, only 7.5% had adequate knowledge. Ninety percent of the respondents believed that EBM has an important role in promoting quality of care and 82% of them were interested to take part in EBM workshops. The information source for clinical practice in 70% of the participants was the text book, 55% Cochrane, and 45% clinical experience.

Conclusion: Faculty members had a positive attitude toward EBM; although a vast majority of them claimed that they practice based on evidence in clinical settings, about half of them stated had not adequate knowledge about EBM. Therefore, it is necessary to keep their knowledge up to date. 

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Background: Unwanted pregnancy is one of the key challenges facing the public health and health sector and imposes noticeably socioeconomic costs on society. In this review article was discussed about of the socioeconomic effects on unwanted pregnancy of reproductive health approach in health system.
Methods: In this review article was searched of numerous scientific databases including: Web of sciences, SCOPUS, PubMed, SID, IPPF, UNFPA (1985-2015). Key words were based on MESH. Step to, step search was done. A total of 53 articles remained that were directly with the research purpose. Then, the number of articles reached 21 with consider to including criteria.
Results: Unwanted pregnancy has a wide range of economic, social, health, public health and reproductive health. Economic effects on the labor, production sector, crime at the social level, criminal covert abortions, economic burden on the family and society, the reduction of public health and reproductive health are among complications in this spectrum.
Conclusion: Regarding recent policy changes in Iran on family planning programs and adopting a new approach in increasing population may place the country at a higher risk of increasing the rate of unintended pregnancy. Control of Unwanted pregnancy c means economic growth, socioeconomic development, and the promotion of community health. Therefore, economic planning and appropriate policies in the reproductive health sector are needed more and more in this regard.

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Introduction: Diabetes type 2 accompanies with higher prevalence of depression among patients in terms of its chronic nature and may affect on women’s sexual function and quality of their sexual life. This study aimed to investigate the impact of sex counseling on sexual function and quality of sexual life of women with type 2 diabetes based on PLISSIT model.
Materials and Methods: This study is a RCT, registered at the IRCT which was conducted on 110 married women in the ages 35-55 which suffer from type 2 diabetes who refer to endocrine clinic of Shahid Bahonar hospital. After random allocation, individual counseling has been designed based on PLISSIT model will be held for intervention group, to improve sexual function and it will be presented in at least three 90 minute sections. Control group will receive an educational pamphlet with general health issue related to diabetes and one sexual counseling session after the end of the study. Sexual function (FSFI), sexual quality of life (SQOL) and depression questionnaires (Beck II) will be completed before, after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention. Repeated measure analysis of variance will be applied to compare FSFI and SQOL between two groups before and after intervention. The amount of p- value will be considered less than 0.05.
Conclusion: Due to high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and also the prevalence of sexual problems in them, in case of confirmation of effectiveness, it is expected the results of this study can be used for promoting the health of diabetic patients.

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Background:  There are strong evidences that shows newly  nurses are not ready to enter the workplace.This issue may cause errors and the damages that can lead to many problems and adverse outcomes for patients. The preceptorship model for improving nursing education via action research approach is assessed in the study.
Methods: This study was conducted by action research method. Daily communications and monthly joint meetings were held from November 2015 to July 2016 for planning and management. Data were gathered via observation. The participants were 42 senior nursing students and 20 expert nurses. Both group participated in training sessions. In qualitative phase of study in-depth interview was conducted with 20 people including 15 students, 4 nurses and 1 nursing manager. In the quantitative phase all of the 42 students participated and their performance was assessed by OSCE. Also students’ satisfaction was examined by questionnaire. Three actions were developed and implemented. Qualitative data analysis was done by MAXQUDA software and SPSS was used for quantitative data analysis.  
 Results: Preceptors’ characteristics, clinical structure, communication between faculty and clinical environment were emerged from qualitative analysis.The most scores obtained from intravenous therapy and cardiopulmonary resuscitation stations, so that more than 55 percent of students were on the whole excellent and good. The lowest scores were reported in the history and nursing diagnoses and performances of 30 percent of the students were good, 42 percent 28 percent were moderate and poor respectively.
Conclusion: Our finding as a preliminary action research study are valubale implications to address challenges and also barriers to implement the preceptorship model in clinical education .

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Background and Objectives: Several studies have been carried out on the use of cell lines in researches, production and processing of drugs and biological products, and on the identification of toxicity and efficacy.The present study was conducted to determine the characteristics of BHK-21 cell lines as a suitable substrate for use in vaccine production and quality control, viral culture and research and diagnostic studies.
Materials and Methods: In this study cloning of the cells by limit dilution was performed by preparing the appropriate seed cells. After checking the cell growth characteristics, sterility tests performed to ensure the absence of bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma, and mycobacterial infections.  Detection of chromosomal diversity by karyotyping and cell identity using molecular tests along the CHO,LK,RBK,MRC5,Vero,GL cell lines was done. Also, master cell seed was tested for detection of adventitious viruses in two methods:  in direct way through cytopathic effect during incubation of cell cultures and in indirect method using hemadsorption test, inculation into embryonic eggs, injection into mature and newborn mice.
Results: The results indicated, this cell line had suitable growth charestristics without cross contaminations. Also the cell identity was confirmed by karyotyping and molecular tests.  
Conclusion:The results of various tests indicated that this cell line has the necessary requirements for use in the production and quality control of the biological products and viral researches.

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Background: To investigate the effect of infertility on sexual and marital satisfaction of infertile couples. Present study designed to increase the knowledge of infertile couple regarding psychological and sociocultural problems of fertility and improve the health policy plans to increase the sexual and marital satisfaction of infertile couples.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Rooyesh infertility center of Alborz Province during 1393-1394. All infertile couples with at least primary education were enrolled. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire which was given to each partner separately by the researcher. The first part of data collection form included demographic questionnaire (13 questions) and the second part was the marital satisfaction (18 questions) and the third part was the assessment of sexual satisfaction (11 questions). The scores of couples’ marital and sexual satisfaction were compared among couples with different cause of infertility by using appropriate statistical tests.
Results: Overall, 174 couples were evaluated during the study period. The significant correlation was found between couples ‘age and education and income (P=0.02 = P. 01, P <0.0001, P and P =0.04, respectively). There is no association between demographic characteristics and couples’ sexual satisfaction. In this study, the cause of infertility  in 27% of couples were diagnosed as male factor (n=47), 30.5% female factor (n=53), %20 both male and female factors (n=35) and %22.5 unexplained infertility (n=39). No significant relationship was found between causes of infertility and couples’ marital and sexual satisfaction.
Conclusion: On the basis of present results, it seems that the cause of infertility has no impact on couples’ marital and sexual satisfaction. However, to confirm these results, more studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

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Background and Objectives: Infertility is one of the most important crises in marital life that affects other aspects of personal life. The aim of the present study was to compare the sexual self-concept in fertile and infertile women referring to community health centers and infertility in Karaj, Iran.
Method: This study is a causal-comparative and cross-sectional study. The study population included all fertile women who were referred to community health centers and infertile women referred to the infertility center of Karaj. To select the sample group, a sampling method was used to select the sample of infertile women and a two-stage cluster randomized cluster sampling method was used for the fertile women. A total of 280 subjects were selected as the research sample. For data collection, a questionnaire was used for demographic characteristics, fertility and infertility characteristics and the multivariate sex-self-concept questionnaire (MSSCQ) for both groups.
Results: The results showed that fertile women in relation to the components of positive sex self-concept include prevention of sexual problems, sexual satisfaction, sexual self-esteem, sexual behavior management, sexual motivation, sexual desire, motive for avoiding high-risk sexual relationships, sexual alertness, sexual self-efficacy had a better situation compare to infertile women (p <0.05). Fertile women were better than infertile women in terms of negative sex self-concept components, including sexual anxiety, sexual and sexual patterns, and internal control of sex (<0.05).
Conclusion: Infertile women referring to infertility centers should be assessed about positive and negative sexual self- concepts to receive proper training by highly qualified counselors.

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Background: Men are more likely than women to have cancer and die from it. In addition, the likelihood of using healthcare services and preventive measures, such as screening for cancer, is much lower among men than women. This study aimed to determine the predictors of cancer screening behavior in middle-aged men employed in universities using the Health Belief Model.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted on middle-aged men employed in Karaj University. The sampling was done through a census and all male employees (400 persons) who had the inclusion criteria were entered into the study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which had been confirmed.
Results: The results showed that 10.2% of the men had undergone one type of cancer screening, and the logistic regression indicated that perceived barriers and self-efficacy were predictors of screening behavior in men.
Conclusions: Given the very low rate of screening behavior in Iranian men and the increasing prevalence of cancer, there is a need for educational interventions to make men aware of cancer. According to the results of this study, self-efficacy and perceived barriers were introduced as predictors of screening behavior, and taking them into account through interventions could lead to improve screening behavior in men.
 

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Introduction: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) occurs in 1-3% of girls and 1% of boys. In girls، the peak age of UTI is during infancy and toilet training. UTIs are much more- common in uncircumcised boys، especially in the first year of  life. Vesico Urethral Reflux (VUR) is one of the most complications of UTI. The main way to diagnose VUR is VCUG. VUR can cause to renal scars that we can see most of these scars in renal ultrasonography. (RUS)  
Material and Methods: We choosed 80 children that has been hospitalized from March، 2011 till December، 2012 in Qods educational and curative center of Qazvin for UTI and has been cured with intravenous antibiotic and we evaluated them. From this 80 children in 40 children، existence of VUR has been proved with VCUG and 40 children haven't any reflux.  All of these children did VCUG and ultrasonography to compare sensitivity and specificity of US vs "VCUG" to diagnose VUR. 

Findings and Results:  Only in 14 of 40 children that VUR has been proved in them، we saw hydronephrosis in renal ultra sonography، but in 40 children that VCUG had disapproved VUR in them we didn't see any document for hydronephrosis in RUS.The sensitivity of kidneys & bladder ultrasonography to diagnosis of vesicourethral reflux in children with urinary tract infection is 35% and it`s specificity is 100%.We evaluated some of other findings in these 80 children.

Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that although RUS hasn't high sensitivity to diaguse of VUR، it has high specificity to rule out of VUR in children.